Precedents / Constitutional Rights Cases
Court Case References — by Date
Short Title	Case Title, Citation, Date Busing — Opposed discussions // mentions Liberate Public Schools discussions // mentions
Marbury	Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) Busing 72 Liberate // 141
	Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 22 U.S. 738 (1824) Liberate 142
	Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. (7 Howard) 1 (1849) Liberate 124 147
Dred Scott	Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856) Busing 72-73
	State of Mississippi v. Johnson, 71 U.S. 475 (1866) Liberate 147
Yick Yo	Yick Yo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886) Busing 74-75
Plessy	Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S.537 (1896) Busing Sum. ix 34-35 54 74 123 // xii 52 76-77 Liberate 122-123 // 48 103
Meyer	Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923) Busing 119 // 123
Pierce	Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U. S. 510 (1925) Busing // 111 117 119
Gong Lum	Gong Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78 (1927) Busing 75
Olmstead	Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928) Busing xii 68 Liberate 55
Swift	United States v. Swift Co., 286 U.S. 106 (1932) Busing // 61
	Chase National Bank v. Norwalk, 291 U.S. 431 (1934) Busing // 109
Butler	United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936) Busing 78-80 128
	Highland Farms Dairy v. Agnew, 300 U.S. 608 (1937) Liberate 147
	Murray v. Pearson, 169 Md. 478, (1937) Busing // 75
	Lane v. Wilson, 307 U.S. 268 (1939) Liberate 114
	Bank of California v. Superior Court, 16 Cal.2d 516 (1940) Busing // 118
Henderson	Henderson v. United States, 314 U.S. 625 (1941) Busing // 52 54 Liberate // 48
Mendez	Mendez v. Westminister School District, 64 F.Supp. 544 (SD Cal.1946), aff'd 161 F.2d 774 (9th Cir. 1947) Westminster, California Enstrom: courtroom clerk for judge Busing vi 51 75 123 // 54 59
	Westminister School Dist. of Orange County v. Mendez, 161 F.2d 774 (9th Cir., 1947) Westminster, California Enstrom: courtroom clerk for judge Busing 51
	American Fed. of Labor v. American Sash & Door Co., 335 U.S. 538 (1949) Busing // 127 Liberate 142-143
Wolf	Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25 (1949) Busing // 52 Liberate // 48
	McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, 339 U.S. 637 (1950) Busing // 76
	Sweatt v. Painter, 340 U.S. 846 (1950) Busing // 76
Brown I	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) Topeka, Kansas Busing ix 18-20 76-78 100 120 // vi xiii 22 27 51-52 54 58 63-65 68-70 73 80 98 125 127-128 130 Liberate 32 104 115 126 // 44 55 82 120
Bolling	Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954) [consolidated into Brown II] Washington, D.C. Busing 77 117-118 120 122 // 71 Liberate 115-116
	People v. Turner, 121 Cal.App.2d Sup. 861, App. dismissed, 347 U.S. 972 (1954) Busing // 124
Gebhart	Gebhart v. Belton 91 A.2d 137 (1954) [consolidated into Brown I] New Castle County, Delaware Busing // 98 Liberate // 44
Brown II	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 349 U.S. 294 (1955) Topeka, Kansas Busing 18-20 120 // 118 Liberate // 116
Browder	Browder v. Gayle, 142 F.Supp. 707 (1956) Busing 77 // 27 Liberate 149
Browder	Gayle v. Browder, 352 U.S. 903 (1956) Busing 77 // 27 Liberate 149
Dege	United States v. Dege, 364 U.S. 51 (1960) Enstrom: prosecutor Busing 55-56
Dege	Dege v. United States, 308 F.2d 534 (1962) Enstrom: prosecutor Busing 55-56
	Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962) Liberate 147
Crawford	Crawford v. Board of Education of the City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles Superior Court No. 822,854 (1963-1981) Los Angeles, California Liberate 28 82 117-118 // xiii 61
Jackson	Jackson v. Pasadena City School Dist., 59 Cal.2d 876 (1963) Pasadena, California Busing 81 88-89 // 52 59 Liberate 48 // xi
	Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545 (1965) Busing // 108 Liberate // 92
Griswold	Griswold v. State of Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) Busing // 119
Reitman	Reitman v. Mulkey, 387 U.S. 369 (1967) Busing 96 Liberate 39
Walker	Walker v. City of Birmingham, 388 U.S. 307 (1967) Busing 28 Liberate 149
Carlin	Carlin v. Board of Education, San Diego Unified School District, San Diego Superior Court No. 303800 (1967-1998) [some Enstrom references are to "Groundswell" or "San Diego"] San Diego, California Enstrom: pro bono counsel, 1979-1998 Busing passim Liberate passim Handbook passim
Mazzetti	Mazzetti v. Escondido Union High School District, San Diego Superior Court (1968) Escondido, California Enstrom: attorney Busing vi
Green	Green v. County School Board, 391 U.S. 430 (1968) New Kent County, Virginia Busing ix 60-66 120-122 127-28 // 80 82 130 Liberate 32 64
Monroe	Monroe v. Board of Comm'rs of City of Jackson, Tenn., 391 U.S. 450, 459 (1968) Jackson, Tennessee Busing 45 85 // 122
	Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, 394 U.S. 147 (1969) Liberate 149
	Smuck v. Hobson, 408 F.2d 175 (1969) Busing // 111
	Bixby v. Pierno, 4 Cal.3d 130 (1971) Liberate // 141
Swann	Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1, 32 (1971) Charlotte, North Carolina Busing ix–x 59-61 120-122 127-128 130 // 80 82 133-134 Liberate 22 32 53 144-45 // 64 120
Yoder	Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972) Busing // 111 123
Keyes	Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colo., 413 U.S. 189 (1972) Denver, Colorado Busing ix-x 118 120 127 131-32
Johnson	Johnson v. San Francisco Unified School District, 500 F. 2d 349 (9th Cir. 1974) San Francisco, California Busing 82 85 // 111 Liberate 66
Milliken	Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974) Detroit, Michigan
	Santa Barbara Sch. Dist. v. Superior Court, 13 Cal.3d 315 (1975) Santa Barbara, California Liberate 144
Lopez	Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975) Busing 118 // 110 Liberate 90
Pasadena	Pasadena City Bd. of Educ. v. Spangler, 427 U.S. 424 (1976) Pasadena, California
Austin	Austin Independent School District v. United States, 429 U.S. 990 (1976) (AISD), Austin, Texas Busing 20 108
Crawford I	Crawford v. Board of Education, 17 Cal.3d 280 (1976) [related to Bustop & Board of Ed., etc.] Los Angeles, California Busing Sum. vi-vii x-xi 17-18 20-21 26-28 29-40 41-45 49-50 53 56 84 131-133 // 23 82 89-90 135 Liberate xii 21-22 25-29 31-32 117-118 144
	Serrano v. Priest, 18 Cal.3d 728 (1976) Liberate 148
Bakke	Bakke v. Regents of University of California, 18 Cal.3d 34 (1976) Busing 113-117
	Taylor v. Denny, San Diego Sup. Ct., Civil No. 395894, 1977 Liberate 66
Bustop	Bustop v. Superior Court, 69 C.A. 3d 66 (1977) [related to Crawford] Los Angeles, California Busing xi 29-31 44 82 84 111 // 33 41 85 131 Liberate 22
Milliken	Milliken v. Bradley, 433 U.S. 267 (1977) Detroit, Michigan
Bakke	Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978) Busing 69 113-117 122 Liberate // 76
Pasadena	Spangler v. Pasadena City Bd. of Ed., 611 F.2d 1239 (9th C.A., 1979) Pasadena, California Liberate 60
	N.A.A.C.P. v. San Bernardino Unified Sch. Dist., Superior Court No. 155286 (1979) San Bernardino, California Enstrom: submitted amici curiae brief (denied by judge) Busing 33-36 53 // xi 41 44 135 Liberate 123-124 140
Crawford II	Crawford v. Board of Education, 113 Cal.App.3d 633 (1980) Los Angeles, California Busing 18 33 Liberate 31-32 40-42 72 75 // xiii 27
Board of Ed., etc.	Board of Ed., etc. v. Superior Court, 448 U.S. 1343 (1980) [related to Crawford & Bustop] Los Angeles, California Busing 43-45 // 126
Bob Jones	Bob Jones University v. United States, 456 U.S. 922 (1982) Liberate 125
Crawford III	Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education, 458 U.S. 527 (1982) Los Angeles, California Busing // 42 49-50 99 Liberate 40-42 44 57 118 // xiii 27 75 88
Bob Jones	Bob Jones University v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983) Busing // 116 Liberate 125
	Los Angeles Unified School District v. Los Angeles NAACP, on Petition for Writ to the Ninth Judicial Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals, No. CA-81-5772 (October Term, 1984) Los Angeles, California Liberate vii
Dowell	Dowell v. Okl. City Public Schools, Ind. Dist 89 (W.D.Okl. 1987), 677 F.Supp.1503 at 1525 Liberate 49-50
Wilks	Martin v. Wilks, 109 S.Ct. 2180 (1989) Busing 109-110 // 115 127
Freeman	Pitts by Pitts v. Freeman, 887 F.2d 1438 (11th Cir. 1989) DeKalb County School System (DCSS), DeKalb County, Georgia Liberate 52
Dowell	Dowell v. Bd. of Educ. of Okl. City Public Schools, 890 F.2d 1483 (10th Cir. 1989) Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Enstrom: filed amici curiae brief Busing 17 52-62 132-133 // v vii xi-xiii 29 63 66 68 81 101 103 111 121 134 135 Liberate 49-50
Dowell	Board of Educ. of Oklahoma City P.Sch. v. Dowell, 111 S.Ct. 630 (1991) Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Busing 61-62 Liberate 51-52 58-60 100 // 75 88 96 103
Freeman	Freeman v. Pitts, 503 U.S. 467, 112 S.Ct. 1430 (1992) DeKalb County School System (DCSS), DeKalb County, Georgia Enstrom: filed amici curiae brief Busing vi-vii xi-xiii 58 62-68 81 100-101 107 128 // 29 31 52-53 56 103 111 125 132-134 135 Liberate 52-56 64-65 68 96 103-104 120 // xiii 70 75 88
Jenkins	Jenkins by Agyei v. State of Mo., 11 F.3d 755 (8th Cir. 1993) Kansas City, Missouri Liberate 62
Hopwood	Hopwood v. State of Texas, 861 F.Supp. 551 (W.D.Tex.1994) Liberate 114
Jenkins	Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70, 115 S. Ct. 2033 (1995) Kansas City, Missouri Busing // 134 Liberate 62 67-68 70 100 // xiv 75 88
	Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 115 S.Ct. 2097 (1995) Liberate // 112
Coalition	Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson, 946 F.Supp. 1480 (N.D.Cal. 1996) Liberate // xv
Hopwood	Hopwood v. State of Texas, 84 F.3d 720 (5th Cir., 1996) Liberate 114
	Coalition to Save Our Children v. State Bd. of Educ., 90 F.3d 752 (3d Cir. 1996) New Castle County, Delaware
	Shaw v. Hunt, 517 U.S. 899, 116 S.Ct. 1894 (1996) Liberate // 113
	Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952, 116 S.Ct. 1941 (1996) Liberate // 113
Coalition	Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson, 110 F.3d 1431 (9th Cir. 1997) Liberate 91 // xv
	Coalition for Economic Equity, et al., v. Wilson, et al., U.S. Docket No. 97-369, 66 U.S.L.W. 3171 (1997) Liberate // xvi
	Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson, 139 L.Ed.2d 310 (Cert.Denied 1997) Liberate 95 // xvi
Eisenberg	Eisenberg v. Montgomery County Public Schools, 19 F.Supp.2d 449 (D.Md. 1998) Montgomery County, Maryland Liberate 113
Carlin	Board of Education v. Superior Court, 61 Cal.App.4th 411 (Feb.1998) [conclusion of Carlin v. Board of Education] San Diego, California Enstrom: pro bono counsel, 1979-1998 Liberate 98-99 // xvi
Wessmann	Wessmann by Wessmann v. Boston School Committee, 996 F.Supp. 120 (D.Mass. 1998) Boston, Massachusetts Liberate 114
	Wessmann v. Gittens, 160 F.3d 790 (1st Cir.1998) Boston, Massachusetts Liberate 114
	Saenz v. Roe, 119 S.Ct. 1518 (1999) Liberate // 124
	Tuttle v. Arlington County School Board, 195 F.3d 698 (4th Cir. 1999) Arlington County, Virgina Liberate // 113-114
Eisenberg	Montgomery County Public Schools v. Eisenberg, 197 F.3d 123 (4th Cir. 1999). Certiorari denied 2000 U.S.Lexis 1925 (3/20/00) Montgomery County, Maryland Liberate 113
	Williams v. State of California, Superior Court San Francisco (May 17,2000) Liberate vii-viii
Belk	Belk v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, Docket No. 99-2389, U.S. Court of Appeals, 4th Cir., 269 F.3d 305 (9/21/2001) Charlotte, North Carolina
Cities (or counties) and states are shown for cases explicitly involving integration / desegregation of school districts. If the page number is not an underlined link, the reference is to a page in an Appendix that appears in the print edition but not this online edition.
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Referenced U.S. Supreme Court Justices
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